European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 17, Issue 7 , Pages 479-484 , November 2006

Steroid and prescription medicine abuse in the health and fitness community: A regional study

Received 11 November 2005 ,Revised 10 March 2006 ,Accepted 11 April 2006.

References 

  1. Haupt HA, Rovere GD. Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:469–484
  2. Graham S, Kennedy M. Recent developments in the toxicology of anabolic steroids. Drug Saf. 1990;5:458–476
  3. Taylor W, Black A. Pervasive anabolic steroid use among health club athletes. Ann Sports Med. 1987;3:155–159
  4. Korkia P, Stimson GV. Anabolic Steroid Use in Great Britain: an Exploratory Investigation. London: The Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour; 1993;
  5. Evans N. Gym and tonic: a profile of 100 male steroid users. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31:54–58
  6. Pates R, Barry C. Steroid use in Cardiff: a problem for whom?. J Perform Enhanc Drugs. 1996;1:92–97
  7. Antonio J, Chromiak J, Street C. Androgens and GH releasers. In:  Antonio J,  Stout JR editor. Sports Supplements. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 2001;p. 160–178
  8. Maughan RJ. Contamination of dietary supplements and positive drug tests in sport. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:883–889
  9. Grace FM, Baker JS, Davies B. Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Use in Recreational Gym Users-A regional sample of the Mid-Glamorgan area. J Subst Abuse. 2001;6:189–195
  10. Lenehan P, Bellis M, McVeigh J. Anabolic steroid use in the North West of England. Liverpool: The drugs and Sport Information Service; 1996;
  11. Perry HM, Littlepage BN. Misusing anabolic drugs. BMJ. 1992;305:1241–1242
  12. Goldberg L, MacKinnon DP, Elliot DL, Moe EL, Clarke G, Cheong J. The adolescents training and learning to avoid steroids program: Preventing drug use and promoting health behaviours. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;151:332–338
  13. Cohen JC, Faber WM, Benade AJS, Noakes TD. Altered serum-lipoprotein profiles in male and female power lifters ingesting anabolic-steroids. Phys Sportsmed. 1986;14:131–136
  14. Hartgens F, Rietjens G, Keizer HA, Kuipers H, Wolffenbuttel BH. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids on apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a). Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:253–259
  15. Ehrnborg C, Bengtsson BA. Growth hormone abuse. Bailliere's Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;14:71–77
  16. Jenkins PJ. Growth hormone and exercise: physiology, use and abuse. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001;11:S71–S77
  17. Sonksen PH. Insulin, growth hormone and sport. J Endocrinol. 2001;170:13–25
  18. Binnerts A, Swart GR, Wilson JH, Hoogerbrugge N, Pols HA, Birkenhager JC, et al. The effect of growth hormone administration in growth hormone-deficient adults on bone, protein, carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis, as well as body composition. Clin Endocrinol. 1992;37:79–87
  19. Beshyah SA, Freemantle C, Shahi M, et al. Replacement treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995;42:73–84
  20. Cameron CM, Kostyo JL, Adamafio NA, et al. The acute effects of growth hormone on amino acid transport and protein synthesis are due to its insulin-like action. Endocrinology. 1988;122:471–474
  21. Gravholt CJ, Schmitz O, Simonsen L, Bulow J, Christiansen JS, Moller N. The effects of a physiological GH pulse on interstitial glycerol in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(Endocrinol. Metab. 40):E848–E854
  22. Lister S, McGrory D. The Times. Quest for the body beautiful that can cause serious harm. May 03 2005;
  23. Jacobs MB. Gynaecomastia. A bothersome but readily treatable problem. Postgrad Med. 1991;89:191–193
  24. Seehusen DA, Glorioso JE. Tamoxifen as an ergogenic agent in women body builders. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12:313–314
  25. Gruber AJ, Pope HG. Compulsive weight lifting and anabolic drug abuse among women rape victims. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40:273–277
  26. Dawson RT. Drugs in Sport — the role of the physician. J Endocrinol. 2001;170:55–61
  27. James VHT, Kicman AT. Medical aspects of drug use in the gym. Drug Ther Bull. 2004;42:1–5
  28. Evans PJ, Lynch RM. Insulin as a drug of abuse in body building. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:356–357
  29. Konrad C, Schupfer G, Wietlisbach M, Gerber H. Insulin as an anabolic: hypoglycaemia in the bodybuilding world. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Schmerzther. 1998;33:461–463
  30. Rich JD, Dickinson BP, Merriman NA, Thule PM. Insulin use by bodybuilders. JAMA. 1998;279:1613
  31. Elkin SL, Brady S, Williams IP. Bodybuilders find it easy to obtain insulin to help them in training. BMJ. 1997;314:1280
  32. Bonadonna RC, Saccomani MP, Cobelli C, DeFronzo RA. Effect of insulin on system A amino acid transport in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:514–521
  33. Brooks RV, Collyer SP, Kicman AT, Southan GJ, Wheeler MA. HCG doping in sport and methods for its detection. In:  Bellotti P,  Benzi G,  Ljungqvist A editor. IInd International Athletic Foundation World Symposium on Doping in Sport. Official Proceedings, Monte Carlo, 5-7 June 1989. International Athletic Foundation (IAF); 1990;p. 37–45
  34. Kicman AT, Brooks RV, Cowan DA. Human chorionic gonadotrophin and sport. Br J Sports Med. 1991;25:73–80
  35. Crawford DA, Worsley A, Dieting and slimming practices of South Australian women. Med J Aust 1998; 148: 325-7, 330-1.
  36. Deventer K, Van Eenoo P, Delbeke FT. Simultaneous determination of beta-blocking agents and diuretics in doping analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with scan-to-scan polarity switching. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19:90–98
  37. Kornhuber J, Friess F, Weinacker B, Hocke V, Schmidtke A. Weight reduction in bulimia nervosa by abuse of thyroid hormones. Nervenarzt. 1996;67:614–616
  38. Graham MR, Baker JS, Kicman A, Cowan D, Davies B. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) - effects on anthropometric, exercise and psychological profiles. Proc Physiol Soc. 2006;1:PC31
  39. Pope HG, Katz DL. Psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids. Psychiatr Ann. 1992;22:24–29
  40. Pope HG, Phillips K, Olivardia R. In: The Adonis Complex—The secret crisis of male body obsession. New York: The Free Press; 2000;p. 11
  41. Hart SP, Frier BM. Causes, management and morbidity of acute hypoglycaemia in adults requiring a hospital admission. QJM. 1998;505–510
  42. Savulescu J, Foddy B, Clayton M. Why we should allow performance enhancing drugs in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:666–670
  43. Kayser B, Mauron A, Miah A. Viewpoint: legalisation of performance-enhancing drugs. Lancet. 2005;366(1):S21

PII: S0953-6205(06)00183-X

doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2006.04.010

European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 17, Issue 7 , Pages 479-484 , November 2006

Article Tools