European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 17, Issue 7 , Pages 495-499 , November 2006

Primary prevention in high-risk dyslipidemic patients without an established cardiovascular disease: Undertreatment and rationale for lipid-lowering therapy

Received 25 December 2005 ,Revised 28 February 2006 ,Accepted 28 March 2006.

References 

  1. LaRosa JC. New and emerging data from clinical trials of statins. Curr Atheroscl Rep. 2004;6:12–19
  2. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425–1435
  3. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, et al. Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy—thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495–1504
  4. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia [west of Scotland coronary prevention study group]. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301–1307
  5. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279:1615–1622
  6. Heart protection study collaborative group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
  7. Sheperd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623–1630
  8. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:2998–3007
  9. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beerers G, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149–1158
  10. Ferdinand KC. Primary prevention trials: lessons learned about treating high-risk patients with dyslipidemia without known cardiovascular disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:1091–1097
  11. Raza JA, Babb JD, Movahed A. Optimal management of hyperlipidemia in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97:355–366
  12. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Mertz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:720–732
  13. Wilson PWF, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97:1837–1847
  14. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/
  15. Snow V, Aronson MD, Hornbake ER, Mottur-Pilson C, Weiss K. For the clinical efficacy assessment subcommittee of the american college of physicians. Lipid control in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:644–649
  16. Vijan S, Hayward RA. Pharmacologic lipid lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: background paper for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:650–658
  17. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R HPS Collaborative group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005–2016
  18. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:685–696
  19. Poulter NR, Sever PS, Dahlof B, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2532 patients with type 2 diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA). Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1151–1157
  20. European Society of Hypertension . European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1011–1053

PII: S0953-6205(06)00185-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2006.03.005

European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 17, Issue 7 , Pages 495-499 , November 2006