European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 4 , Pages 272-282 , July 2007

Endothelins in health and disease

  • Rahman Shah

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +1 617 525 6733; fax: +1 617 582 6027.

Received 26 August 2006 ,Revised 3 January 2007

References 

  1. Lerman A, Zeiher AM. Endothelial function: cardiac events. Circulation. 2005;111:363–368
  2. Hickey K, Rubanyi G, Paul R, Highsmith R. Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1985;248:C550–C556
  3. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988;332:411–415[see comment]
  4. Davenport AP. International Union of Pharmacology. XXIX. Update on endothelin receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev. 2002;54:219–226
  5. Masaki T, Kimura S, Yanagisawa M, Goto K. Molecular and cellular mechanism of endothelin regulation. Implications for vascular function. Circulation. 1991;84:1457–1468
  6. Haynes WG, Webb DJ. Endothelin as a regulator of cardiovascular function in health and disease. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1081–1098
  7. Levin ER. Endothelins. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:356–363
  8. Haynes WG, Hand MF, Johnstone HA, Padfield PL, Webb DJ. Direct and sympathetically mediated venoconstriction in essential hypertension. Enhanced responses to endothelin-1. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:1359–1364
  9. Nishimura M, Takahashi H, Matsusawa M, Ikegaki I, Sakamoto M, Nakanishi T, et al. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of endothelin elevate arterial pressure in rats. J Hypertens. 1991;9:71–76
  10. Xu D, Emoto N, Giaid A, Slaughter C, Kaw S, deWit D, et al. ECE-1: a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1. Cell. 1994;78:473–485
  11. Nakano A, Kishi F, Ninami K. Selective conversion of big endothelins to tracheal smooth muscle-constricting 31-amino acid-length endothelins by chymase from human mast cells. J Immunol. 1997;1987–1992
  12. Miyauchi T, Suzuki N, Kurihara T, Yamaguchi I, Sugishita Y, Matsumoto H, et al. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 play different roles in acute and chronic alterations of blood pressure in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991;178:276–281
  13. Rolinski B, Sadri I, Bogner J, Goebel FD. Determination of endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Res Exp Med. 1994;194:9–24
  14. Yoshimoto S, Ishizaki Y, Sasaki T, Murota S. Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen on endothelin production by cultured porcine cerebral endothelial cells. Stroke. 1991;22:378–383
  15. Ergul S, Parish DC, Puett D, Ergul A. Racial differences in plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in individuals with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1996;28:652–655[erratum appears in Hypertension 1997 Mar; 29(3):912]
  16. Evans RR, Phillips BG, Singh G, Bauman JL, Gulati A. Racial and gender differences in endothelin-1. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:486–488
  17. Polderman KH, Stehouwer CD, van Kamp GJ, Dekker GA, Verheugt FW, Gooren LJ. Influence of sex hormones on plasma endothelin levels. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:429–432
  18. Schneider JG, Tilly N, Hierl T, Sommer U, Hamann A, Dugi K, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:967–972
  19. Hlubocka Z, Umnerova V, Heller S, Peleska J, Jindra A, Jachymova M, et al. Circulating intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, endothelin-1 and von Willebrand factor-markers of endothelial dysfunction in uncomplicated essential hypertension: the effect of treatment with ACE inhibitors. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16:557–562[see comment]
  20. Love MP, Haynes WG, Gray GA, Webb DJ, McMurray JJ. Vasodilator effects of endothelin-converting enzyme inhibition and endothelin ETA receptor blockade in chronic heart failure patients treated with ACE inhibitors. Circulation. 1996;94:2131–2137
  21. Hernandez-Perera O, Perez-Sala D, Navarro-Antolin J, Sanchez-Pascuala R, Hernandez G, Diaz C, et al. Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:2711–2719
  22. Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Hirokawa K, Osada S, Shimada N, Koide H. Effect of cerivastatin on urinary albumin excretion and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria and dyslipidemia. Am J Nephrol. 2001;21:449–454
  23. Verma S, Rao V, Weisel RD, Li S-H, Fedak PWM, Miriuka S, et al. Novel cardioprotective effects of pravastatin in human ventricular cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation: beneficial effects of statins independent of endothelial cells. J Surg Res. 2004;119:66–71
  24. Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Andersen P, Aspelin T, Kierulf P. Effects of doxazosin and atenolol on circulating endothelin-1 and von Willebrand factor in hypertensive middle-aged men. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;34:584–588
  25. Garlichs CD, Zhang H, Mugge A, Daniel WG. Beta-blockers reduce the release and synthesis of endothelin-1 in human endothelial cells. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999;29:12–16
  26. Krum H, Gu A, Wilshire-Clement M, Sackner-Bernstein J, Goldsmith R, Medina N, et al. Changes in plasma endothelin-1 levels reflect clinical response to beta-blockade in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 1996;131:337–341
  27. Stangl K, Dschietzig T, Richter C, Laule M, Stangl V, Tanis E, et al. Pulmonary release and coronary and peripheral consumption of big endothelin and endothelin-1 in severe heart failure: acute effects of vasodilator therapy. Circulation. 2000;102:1132–1138
  28. Williams DL, Jones KL, Colton CD, Nutt RF. Identification of high affinity endothelin-1 receptor subtypes in human tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991;180:475–480
  29. Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature. 1990;348:730–732[see comment]
  30. Verhaar MC, Strachan FE, Newby DE, Cruden NL, Koomans HA, Rabelink TJ, et al. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist-mediated vasodilatation is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and by endothelin-B receptor blockade. Circulation. 1998;97:752–756
  31. Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. Is endothelin-induced vasoconstriction mediated only by ETA receptors in humans?. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1994;15:9–11[see comment]
  32. Takuwa Y, Kasuya Y, Takuwa N, Kudo M, Yanagisawa M, Goto K, et al. Endothelin receptor is coupled to phospholipase C via a pertussis toxin-insensitive guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:653–658
  33. Cocks TM, Broughton A, Dib M, Sudhir K, Angus JA. Endothelin is blood vessel selective: studies on a variety of human and dog vessels in vitro and on regional blood flow in the conscious rabbit. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1989;16:243–246
  34. Suzuki S, Kajikuri J, Suzuki A, Itoh T. Effects of endothelin-1 on endothelial cells in the porcine coronary artery. Circ Res. 1991;69:1361–1368
  35. de Nucci G, Thomas R, D'Orleans-Juste P, Antunes E, Walder C, Warner TD, et al. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol. 85:1988;p. 9797–9800
  36. Yang ZH, Richard V, von Segesser L, Bauer E, Stulz P, Turina M, et al. Threshold concentrations of endothelin-1 potentiate contractions to norepinephrine and serotonin in human arteries. A new mechanism of vasospasm?. Circulation. 1990;82:188–195
  37. Cockcroft JR, Clarke JG, Webb DJ. The effect of intra-arterial endothelin on resting blood flow and sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in the forearm of man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:521–524
  38. Davie N, Haleen SJ, Upton PD, Polak JM, Yacoub MH, Morrell NW, et al. ET(A) and ET(B) receptors modulate the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:398–405
  39. Chua BH, Krebs CJ, Chua CC, Diglio CA. Endothelin stimulates protein synthesis in smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol. 1992;262:E412–E416
  40. Hofman FM, Chen P, Jeyaseelan R. Endothelin-1 induces production of the neutrophil chemotactic factor interleukin-8 by human brain-derived endothelial cells. Blood. 1998;92:3064–3072
  41. Pedram A, Razandi M, Hu RM, Levin ER. Vasoactive peptides modulate vascular endothelial cell growth factor production and endothelial cell proliferation and invasion. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:17097–17103
  42. Park JB, Schiffrin EL. ET(A) receptor antagonist prevents blood pressure elevation and vascular remodeling in aldosterone-infused rats. Hypertension. 2001;37:1444–1449
  43. Haynes WG, Ferro CJ, O'Kane KP, Somerville D, Lomax CC, Webb DJ. Systemic endothelin receptor blockade decreases peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure in humans. Circulation. 1996;93:1860–1870
  44. Haynes WG, Webb DJ. Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone. Lancet. 1994;344:852–854[see comment]
  45. Galie N, Manes A, Branzi A. The endothelin system in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;61:227–237
  46. Pieske B, Beyermann B, Breu V, Loffler BM, Schlotthauer K, Maier LS, et al. Functional effects of endothelin and regulation of endothelin receptors in isolated human nonfailing and failing myocardium. Circulation. 1999;99:1802–1809
  47. McMurray JJ, Ray SG, Abdullah I, Dargie HJ, Morton JJ. Plasma endothelin in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1992;85:1374–1379
  48. Clavell AL, Mattingly MT, Stevens TL, Nir A, Wright S, Aarhus LL, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition modulates endogenous endothelin in chronic canine thoracic inferior vena caval constriction. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:1286–1292
  49. Parker JD, Thiessen JJ. Increased endothelin-1 production in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286:H1141–H1145
  50. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda Y, Adachi T, Kinoshita M. Relation between endothelin-1 spillover in the lungs and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1427–1433
  51. Pacher R, Stanek B, Hulsmann M, Koller-Strametz J, Berger R, Schuller M, et al. Prognostic impact of big endothelin-1 plasma concentrations compared with invasive hemodynamic evaluation in severe heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:633–641
  52. Pousset F, Isnard R, Lechat P, Kalotka H, Carayon A, Maistre G, et al. Prognostic value of plasma endothelin-1 in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:254–258
  53. Hulsmann M, Stanek B, Frey B, Sturm B, Putz D, Kos T, et al. Value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and big endothelin plasma levels to predict short-term prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1695–1700
  54. Anand I, McMurray J, Cohn JN, Konstam MA, Notter T, Quitzau K, et al. Investigators E: Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the EndothelinA Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:347–354
  55. O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Adams KF, Hasselblad V, Chandler B, Frey A, et al. Randomized Intravenous TeZosentan Study I: Tezosentan in patients with acute heart failure and acute coronary syndromes: results of the Randomized Intravenous TeZosentan Study (RITZ-4). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1452–1457[see comment]
  56. Vierhapper H, Wagner O, Nowotny P, Waldhausl W. Effect of endothelin-1 in man. Circulation. 1990;81:1415–1418
  57. Krum H, Viskoper RJ, Lacourciere Y, Budde M, Charlon V. The effect of an endothelin-receptor antagonist, bosentan, on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Bosentan Hypertension Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:784–790[see comment]
  58. Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Notari M, Salvetti A. Vasoconstriction to endogenous endothelin-1 is increased in the peripheral circulation of patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1999;100:1680–1683
  59. Hirai Y, Adachi H, Fujiura Y, Hiratsuka A, Enomoto M, Imaizumi T. Plasma endothelin-1 level is related to renal function and smoking status but not to blood pressure: an epidemiological study. J Hypertens. 2004;22:713–718
  60. Abdel-Sayed S, Nussberger J, Aubert JF, Gohlke P, Brunner HR, Brakch N. Measurement of plasma endothelin-1 in experimental hypertension and in healthy subjects. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:515–521
  61. Ajne G, Wolff K, Fyhrquist F, Carlstrom K, Hemsen-Mortberg A, Nisell H. Endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) activity in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2003;22:215–224
  62. Ferri C, Bellini C, Desideri G, Mazzocchi C, De Siati L, Santucci A. Elevated plasma and urinary endothelin-I levels in human salt-sensitive hypertension. Clin Sci. 1997;93:35–41
  63. Kaddoura S, Firth JD, Boheler KR, Sugden PH, Poole-Wilson PA. Endothelin-1 is involved in norepinephrine-induced ventricular hypertrophy in vivo. Acute effects of bosentan, an orally active, mixed endothelin ETA and ETB receptor antagonist. Circulation. 1996;93:2068–2079
  64. Lariviere R, Lebel M. Endothelin-1 in chronic renal failure and hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;81:607–621
  65. Haak T, Marz W, Jungmann E, Hausser S, Siekmeier R, Gross W, et al. Elevated endothelin levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin Investig. 1994;72:580–584
  66. Cardillo C, Kilcoyne CM, Cannon RO, Panza JA. Increased activity of endogenous endothelin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1483–1488
  67. Lerman A, Holmes DR, Bell MR, Garratt KN, Nishimura RA, Burnett JC. Endothelin in coronary endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation. 1995;92:2426–2431
  68. Mitani H, Takimoto M, Bandoh T, Kimura M. Increases of vascular endothelin-converting enzyme activity and endothelin-1 level on atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000;387:313–319
  69. Kowala MC, Rose PM, Stein PD, Goller N, Recce R, Beyer S, et al. Selective blockade of the endothelin subtype A receptor decreases early atherosclerosis in hamsters fed cholesterol. Am J Pathol. 1995;146:819–826
  70. Boulanger CM, Tanner FC, Bea ML. Oxidized low density lipoproteins induce mRNA expression and release of endothelin from human and porcine endothelium. Circ Res. 1992;70:1191–1197
  71. Luscher TF, Barton M. Endothelins and endothelin receptor antagonists: therapeutic considerations for a novel class of cardiovascular drugs. Circulation. 2000;102:2434–2440
  72. Ihling C, Szombathy T, Bohrmann B, Brockhaus M, Schaefer HE, Loeffler BM. Coexpression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 and endothelin-1 in different stages of human atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2001;104:864–869
  73. Lerman A, Edwards BS, Hallett JW, Heublein DM, Sandberg SM, Burnett JC. Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:997–1001
  74. Rossi GP, Colonna S, Pavan E, Albertin G, Della Rocca F, Gerosa G, et al. Endothelin-1 and its mRNA in the wall layers of human arteries ex vivo. Circulation. 1999;99:1147–1155
  75. Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Garratt KN, Edwards WD, Lerman A. Mechanical pressure and stretch release endothelin-1 from human atherosclerotic coronary arteries in vivo. Circulation. 1997;95:357–362
  76. Zeiher AM, Ihling C, Pistorius K, Schachinger V, Schaefer HE. Increased tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in atherosclerotic lesions associated with acute coronary syndromes. Lancet. 1994;344:1405–1406
  77. Minamino T, Kurihara H, Takahashi M, Shimada K, Maemura K, Oda H, et al. Endothelin-converting enzyme expression in the rat vascular injury model and human coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1997;95:221–230[erratum appears in Circulation 1997 Apr 1;95(7):1975]
  78. Bohm F, Ahlborg G, Pernow J. Endothelin-1 inhibits endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the human forearm: reversal by ETA receptor blockade in patients with atherosclerosis. Clin Sci. 2002;102:321–327
  79. Verma S, Lovren F, Dumont AS, Mather KJ, Maitland A, Kieser TM, et al. Endothelin receptor blockade improves endothelial function in human internal mammary arteries. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;49:146–151[see comment]
  80. Piatti PM, Monti LD, Conti M, Baruffaldi L, Galli L, Phan CV, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia are potent inducers of endothelin-1 release in humans. Diabetes. 1996;45:316–321
  81. Ferri C, Carlomagno A, Coassin S, Baldoncini R, Cassone Faldetta MR, Laurenti O, et al. Circulating endothelin-1 levels increase during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in lean NIDDM men. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:226–233
  82. Cardillo C, Campia U, Bryant MB, Panza JA. Increased activity of endogenous endothelin in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2002;106:1783–1787
  83. Mather KJ, Mirzamohammadi B, Lteif A, Steinberg HO, Baron AD. Endothelin contributes to basal vascular tone and endothelial dysfunction in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:3517–3523
  84. Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Endothelin and oxidative stress in the vascular system. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2005;3:365–367
  85. Hoffmann E, Assennato P, Donatelli M, Colletti I, Valenti TM. Plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. Am Heart J. 1998;135:684–688
  86. Ferri C, Bellini C, Desideri G, Baldoncini R, Properzi G, Santucci A, et al. Circulating endothelin-1 levels in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1997;105(Suppl 2):38–40
  87. Ruef J, Moser M, Kubler W, Bode C. Induction of endothelin-1 expression by oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2001;10:311–315
  88. Mraiche F, Cena J, Das D, Vollrath B. Effects of statins on vascular function of endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;144:715–726
  89. Wilasrusmee C, Da Silva M, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, Kittur S, Wilasrusmee S, et al. Role of endothelin-1 in microvascular dysfunction caused by cyclosporin A. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;196:584–591
  90. Weis M, Wildhirt SM, Schulze C, Rieder G, Wilbert-Lampen U, Wolf WP, et al. Endothelin in coronary endothelial dysfunction early after human heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:1071–1079
  91. Best PJ, McKenna CJ, Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Lerman A. Chronic endothelin receptor antagonism preserves coronary endothelial function in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1999;99:1747–1752
  92. Bohm F, Beltran E, Pernow J. Endothelin receptor blockade improves endothelial function in atherosclerotic patients on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. J Intern Med. 2005;257:263–271
  93. Homma S, Miyauchi T, Sugishita Y, Goto K, Sato M, Ohshima N. Vasoconstrictor effects of endothelin-1 on myocardium microcirculation studied by the Langendorff perfusion method: differential sensitivities among microvessels. Microvasc Res. 1992;43:205–217
  94. Wenzel RR, Fleisch M, Shaw S, Noll G, Kaufmann U, Schmitt R, et al. Hemodynamic and coronary effects of the endothelin antagonist bosentan in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1998;98:2235–2240
  95. MacCarthy PA, Pegge NC, Prendergast BD, Shah AM, Groves PH. The physiological role of endogenous endothelin in the regulation of human coronary vasomotor tone. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:137–143
  96. Kinlay S, Behrendt D, Wainstein M, Beltrame J, Fang JC, Creager MA, et al. Role of endothelin-1 in the active constriction of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Circulation. 2001;104:1114–1118
  97. Kaski JC, Elliott PM, Salomone O, Dickinson K, Gordon D, Hann C, et al. Concentration of circulating plasma endothelin in patients with angina and normal coronary angiograms. Br Heart J. 1995;74:620–624
  98. Stewart DJ, Kubac G, Costello KB, Cernacek P. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in the early hours of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:38–43
  99. Omland T, Lie RT, Aakvaag A, Aarsland T, Dickstein K. Plasma endothelin determination as a prognostic indicator of 1-year mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1994;89:1573–1579[see comment]
  100. Zeiher AM, Goebel H, Schachinger V, Ihling C. Tissue endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in the active coronary atherosclerotic plaque. A clue to the mechanism of increased vasoreactivity of the culprit lesion in unstable angina. Circulation. 1995;91:941–947
  101. Clozel M, Qiu C, Qiu C-S, Hess P, Clozel J-P. Short-term endothelin receptor blockade with tezosentan has both immediate and long-term beneficial effects in rats with myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:142–147
  102. Kyriakides ZS, Kremastinos DT, Psychari SN, Kolettis T, Sbarouni E, Webb DJ. Coronary vasoconstriction after coronary angioplasty is attenuated by endothelin a receptor antagonism. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:1011–1013[A1015]
  103. Takase H, Sugiyama M, Nakazawa A, Toriyama T, Hayashi K, Goto T, et al. Increased endogenous endothelin-1 in coronary circulation is associated with restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Can J Cardiol. 2003;19:902–906
  104. Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Endothelin antagonists. Lancet. 1999;353:133–138
  105. Goddard J, Johnston NR, Hand MF, Cumming AD, Rabelink TJ, Rankin AJ, et al. Endothelin-A receptor antagonism reduces blood pressure and increases renal blood flow in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure: a comparison of selective and combined endothelin receptor blockade. Circulation. 2004;109:1186–1193
  106. Kaasjager KASS, Koomans HA, Rabelink TJ. Role of endothelin receptor subtypes in the systemic and renal responses to endothelin-1 in humans. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:32–39
  107. Brooks DP, DePalma PD, Gellai M. Nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonists. III. Effect of SB 209670 and BQ123 on acute renal failure in anesthetized dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;271:1–7
  108. Ziv I, Fleminger G, Djaldetti R, Achiron A, Melamed E, Sokolovsky M. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1992;23:1014–1016
  109. Kessler IM, Pacheco YG, Lozzi SP, de Araujo AS, Onishi FJ, de Mello PA. Endothelin-1 levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol. 2005;64(Suppl 1):S1:2–S1:5discussion S1:5
  110. Macrae IM, Robinson MJ, Graham DI, Reid JL, McCulloch J. Endothelin-1-induced reductions in cerebral blood flow: dose dependency, time course, and neuropathological consequences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993;13:276–284
  111. Vatter H, Zimmermann M, Tesanovic V, Raabe A, Seifert V, Schilling L. Cerebrovascular characterization of clazosentan, the first nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist shown to be clinically effective for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Part II: effect on endothelin(B) receptor-mediated relaxation. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:1108–1114
  112. Matsuo Y, Mihara S, Ninomiya M, Fujimoto M. Protective effect of endothelin type A receptor antagonist on brain edema and injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke. 2001;32:2143–2148
  113. Stewart DJ, Levy RD, Cernacek P, Langleben D. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of disease?. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:464–469
  114. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, Michel RP, Levy R, Shennib H, et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1732–1739[see comment]
  115. Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Galie N, Black CM, Keogh A, et al. Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:896–903[see comment][erratum appears in N Engl J Med 2002 Apr 18;346(16):1258]
  116. Badesch DB, Abman SH, Ahearn GS, Barst RJ, McCrory DC, Simonneau G, et al. American College of Chest P: Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2004;126:35S–62S
  117. Barst RJ, Langleben D, Frost A, Horn EM, Oudiz R, Shapiro S, et al. Sitaxsentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:441–447[see comment]
  118. Sanai L, Haynes WG, MacKenzie A, Grant IS, Webb DJ. Endothelin production in sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22:52–56
  119. Tschaikowsky K, Sagner S, Lehnert N, Kaul M, Ritter J. Endothelin in septic patients: effects on cardiovascular and renal function and its relationship to proinflammatory cytokines. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1854–1860
  120. Voerman HJ, Stehouwer CD, van Kamp GJ, Strack van Schijndel RJ, Groeneveld AB, Thijs LG. Plasma endothelin levels are increased during septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:1097–1101
  121. Kernochan LE, Tran BN, Tangkijvanich P, Melton AC, Tam SP, Yee HF. Endothelin-1 stimulates human colonic myofibroblast contraction and migration. Gut. 2002;50:65–70
  122. Mangiafico RA, Malatino LS, Attina T, Messina R, Fiore CE. Exaggerated endothelin release in response to acute mental stress in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology. 2002;53:383–390
  123. Murch SH, Braegger CP, Sessa WC, MacDonald TT. High endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 1992;339:381–385
  124. Nelson J, Bagnato A, Battistini B, Nisen P. The endothelin axis: emerging role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:110–116
  125. Noll G, Wenzel RR, Schneider M, Oesch V, Binggeli C, Shaw S, et al. Increased activation of sympathetic nervous system and endothelin by mental stress in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Circulation. 1996;93:866–869[see comment]

PII: S0953-6205(07)00087-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.04.002

European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 4 , Pages 272-282 , July 2007