European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 8 , Pages 608-612 , December 2008

Frequency and irregularity of heart rate in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of cannabis

  • Hassan Z. Khiabani

      Affiliations

    • Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Post Office Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo Norway
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Norwegian institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Post Office Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo Norway. Tel.: +47 2340 7800; fax: +47 2238 3233.
  • ,
  • Jørg Mørland

      Affiliations

    • Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Post Office Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo Norway
  • ,
  • Jørgen G. Bramness

      Affiliations

    • Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Norway

Received 24 January 2007 ,Revised 29 May 2007 ,Accepted 7 June 2007.

References 

  1. Petronis KR, Anthony JC. An epidemiologic investigation of marijuana- and cocaine-related palpitations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1989;23:219–226
  2. Johnson S, Domino EF. Some cardiovascular effects of marihuana smoking in normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1971;12:762–768
  3. Sidney S. Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42:64S–70S
  4. Fant RV, Heishman SJ, Bunker EB, Pickworth WB. Acute and residual effects of marijuana in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998;60:777–784
  5. Fisher BA, Ghuran A, Vadamalai V, Antonios TF. Cardiovascular complications induced by cannabis smoking: a case report and review of the literature. Emerg Med J. 2005;22:679–680
  6. Ghuran A, Nolan J. Recreational drug misuse: issues for the cardiologist. Heart. 2000;83:627–633
  7. Ghuran A, Der Wieken LR, Nolan J. Cardiovascular complications of recreational drugs. BMJ. 2001;323:464–466
  8. Akins D, Awdeh MR. Marijuana and second-degree AV block. South Med J. 1981;74:371–373
  9. Singh GK. Atrial fibrillation associated with marijuana use. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21:284
  10. Kosior DA, Filipiak KJ, Stolarz P, Opolski G. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in a young female patient following marijuana intoxication–a case report of possible association. Med Sci Monit. 2000;6:386–389
  11. Kosior DA, Filipiak KJ, Stolarz P, Opolski G. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation following marijuana intoxication: a two-case report of possible association. Int J Cardiol. 2001;78:183–184
  12. Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation. 2001;103:2805–2809
  13. Collins JS, Higginson JD, Boyle DM, Webb SW. Myocardial infarction during marijuana smoking in a young female. Eur Heart J. 1985;6:637–638
  14. MacInnes DC, Miller KM. Fatal coronary artery thrombosis associated with cannabis smoking. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1984;34:575–576
  15. Charles R, Holt S, Kirkham N. Myocardial infarction and marijuana. Clin Toxicol. 1979;14:433–438
  16. Bachs L, Morland H. Acute cardiovascular fatalities following cannabis use. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;124:200–203
  17. Randall MD, Kendall DA, O'Sullivan S. The complexities of the cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;142:20–26
  18. Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature. 1990;346:561–564
  19. Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature. 1993;365:61–65
  20. Galiegue S, Mary S, Marchand J, et al. Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Biochem. 1995;232:54–61
  21. Huestis MA, Gorelick DA, Heishman SJ, et al. Blockade of effects of smoked marijuana by the CB1-selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:322–328
  22. Jones RT. Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42:58S–63S
  23. Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Morland J. Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines–relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;68:131–141
  24. Khiabani HZ, Bramness JG, Bjorneboe A, Morland J. Relationship between THC concentration in blood and impairment in apprehended drivers. Traffic Inj Prev. 2006;7:111–116
  25. Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Morland J. Testing for benzodiazepine inebriation–relationship between benzodiazepine concentration and simple clinical tests for impairment in a sample of drugged drivers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;59:593–601
  26. Christophersen AS, Gjerde H, Bjorneboe A, Sakshaug J, Morland J. Screening for drug use among Norwegian drivers suspected of driving under influence of alcohol or drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 1990;45:5–14
  27. Cocchetto DM, Owens SM, Perez-Reyes M, DiGuiseppi S, Miller LL. Relationship between plasma delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentration and pharmacologic effects in man. Psychopharmacology (Berl ). 1981;75:158–164
  28. Singh GK. Atrial fibrillation associated with marijuana use. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21:284
  29. Fisher BA, Ghuran A, Vadamalai V, Antonios TF. Cardiovascular complications induced by cannabis smoking: a case report and review of the literature. Emerg Med J. 2005;22:679–680
  30. Newlin DB, Wong CJ, Stapleton JM, London ED. Intravenous cocaine decreases cardiac vagal tone, vagal index (derived in lorenz space), and heart period complexity (approximate entropy) in cocaine abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;23:560–568
  31. Ishac EJ, Jiang L, Lake KD, Varga K, Abood ME, Kunos G. Inhibition of exocytotic noradrenaline release by presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors on peripheral sympathetic nerves. Br J Pharmacol. 1996;118:2023–2028

PII: S0953-6205(08)00065-4

doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.06.031

European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 8 , Pages 608-612 , December 2008