European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 20, Issue 1 , Pages 9-13 , January 2009

Syphilis and HIV co-infection

Received 11 July 2007 ,Revised 15 January 2008 ,Accepted 27 April 2008.

References 

  1. Singh AE, Romanowski B. Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(2):187–209
  2. Mandel G, Bennet J, Dolin R. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis). Principles and practice of Infectious Diseases. Sixth Edition, 2005; chapter 235.
  3. Hook EW, Peeling RW. Syphilis control — a continuing challenge. N Eng J Med. 2004;351(2):122–124
  4. Waugh M. Sexually transmitted infections: points of interest for 2006. Skinmed. 2006;52:87–89
  5. Division of STD prevention CDC. Syphilis Surveillence Report Dec. 2006.
  6. Wade AS, Kane CT, Diallo PA, Diop AK, Gueye K, Mboup S, et al. HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Senegal. AIDS. 2005;19:2133–2140
  7. WHO . World Health Organization - Trends in sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the European Region 1980-2005. 2006;
  8. Karumudi U, Augenbraun M. Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous duo. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2005;3(5):825–831
  9. Buchacz K, Petal P, Taylor M, Kerndt PR, Byers RH, Holmber SD, et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV infected patients with new syphilis infections. AIDS. 2004;18:2075–2079
  10. Reynolds SJ, Risbud AR, Shepard ME, Rompalo AM, Ghate MV, Godbole SV, et al. High rates of syphilis among STI patients are contributing to the spread of HIV-1 in India. Sex Transm Inf. 2006;82:121–126
  11. Fleming D, Wasserheit J. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Inf. 1999;75:3–17
  12. Sellati TJ, Wilkinson DA, Sheffield JS, Koup RA, Radolf JD, Norgard MV. Virulent Treponema pallidum, lipoprotein, and synthetic lipopeptides induce CCR5 on human monocytes and enhance their susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:283–293
  13. Larsen SL, Steiner BM, Rudolph AH. Laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of tests for syphilis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8(1):1–21
  14. Egglestone S, Turner A. Serological diagnosis of syphilis. Commun Dis Pub Health. 2000;3(3):158–162
  15. Liu H, Rodes B, Chen CY, Steiner B. New tests for syphilis: rational design of a PCR method for detection of Treponema pallidum on clinical specimens using unique regions of the DNA polymerase I gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(5):1941–1946
  16. Burdette SD, Waibel JS, Bernstein JM, Trevino JJ. With this eruption, there is not a second to lues. Skinmed. 2005;4(3):179–182
  17. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidlines, 2006. In: MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 2006;
  18. Goh BT. Syphilis in adults.. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:448–452
  19. Leslie DE, Azzato F, Karapanagiotidis T, Leydon J, Fyfe J. Development of a real-time PCR assay to detect Treponema pallidum in clinical specimens and assessment of the assay's performance by comparison wit serological testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(1):93–96
  20. Palmer HM, Higgins SP, Herring AJ, Kingston MA. Use of PCR in the diagnosis of early syphilis in the United Kingdon. Sex Transm Inf. 2003;79(6):479–483
  21. Kuznetsov A, Burgdorf W, Prinz J. Latent syphilis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in 2 HIV-positive patients with inconclusive serologic test results. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(9):1169–1170
  22. Chan DJ. Syphilis and HIV: when is lumbar puncture indicated?. Curr HIV Res. 2005;3:95–98
  23. Kassutto S, Doweiko JP. Syphilis in the HIV era. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(8):1471–1473
  24. Hutchinson C, Hook EW, Sheperd M, Verley J, Rompalo AM, et al. Altered clinical presentation of early syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(2):94–100
  25. Zetola NM, Klausner JD. Syphilis and HIV infection: an update. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1222–1228
  26. Jaffe HW, Larsen SA, Peters M, Jove DF, Lopez B, Schroeter AL. Tests for Treponemal antibody in CSF. Arch Intern Med. 1978;138(2):252–255
  27. Marra CM, Tantalo LC, Maxwell CL, Dougherty K, Wood B. Alternative cerebrospinal fluid tests to diagnose neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals. Neurology. 2004;63:85–88
  28. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL, Lukehart SA, Rompalo AM, Eaton M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:369–376
  29. Libois A, De Wit S, Poll B, Garcia F, Florence E, Del Rio A, et al. HIV and syphilis: when to perform a lumbar puncture. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(3):141–144
  30. Offiah CE, Turnbull IW. The imaging appearances of intracranial CNS infections in adult HIV and AIDS patients. Clin Radiol. 2006;61:393–401
  31. Schroeter AL, Lucas JB, Price EV, Falcone VH. Treatment for early syphilis. JAMA. 1972;221(5):471–476
  32. Walter T, Lebouche B, Maiher P, Cotte L, Roure C, Schlienger I, et al. Symptomatic relapse of neurologic syphilis after benzathine penicillin G therapy for primary or secondary syphilis in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;44(1):787–790
  33. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Tantalo L, Eaton M, Rompalo AM, Raines C, et al. Normalization of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after neurosyphilis therapy: does HIV status matter?. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1001–1006

PII: S0953-6205(08)00130-1

doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002

European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 20, Issue 1 , Pages 9-13 , January 2009