European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 343-347 , July 2009

Serious infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An evolving challenge for physicians

Received 11 July 2007 ,Revised 9 July 2008 ,Accepted 19 August 2008.

References 

  1. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, et al. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–1999. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(Suppl 2):S114–S132
  2. Chambers HF. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:178–182
  3. Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, et al. Healthcare-associated infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:791–797
  4. Biedenbach DJ, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern comparisons among bloodstream infection isolates from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997–2002). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;50:59–69
  5. Falcone M, Carfagna P, Cassone M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in hospitalized non neutropenic patients: retrospective clinical and microbiological analysis. Ann Ital Med Intern. 2002;17:166–172
  6. Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Espersen F, et al. Treatment and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective study of 278 cases. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:25–32
  7. McClelland RS, Fowler VG, Sanders LL, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia among elderly vs. younger adult patients: comparison of clinical features and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1244–1247
  8. Kaye MG, Fox MJ, Bartlett JG, et al. The clinical spectrum of Staphylococcus aureus pulmonary infection. Chest. 1990;97:788–792
  9. Romero-Vivas J, Rubio M, Fernandez C, Picazo JJ. Mortality associated with nosocomial bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:1417–1423
  10. Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, et al. The burden of Staphylococcus aureus infections on hospitals in the United States: an analysis of the 2000 and 2001 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1756–1761
  11. Venditti M, Falcone M, Micozzi A, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a retrospective case–control study. Haematologica. 2003;88:923–930
  12. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:53–59
  13. Gonzalez C, Rubio M, Romero-Vivas J, et al. Bacteremic pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison of diseases caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1171–1177
  14. Levine DP, Fromm BS, Reddy BR. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:674–680
  15. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:470–485
  16. Stefani S, Varaldo PE. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9:1179–1186
  17. Tacconelli E. New strategies to identify patients harbouring antibiotic-resistant bacteria at hospital admission. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:102–109
  18. Zetola N, Francis JS, Nuermberger EI, Bishai WR. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:275–286
  19. Rubinovitch B, Pittet D. Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the endemic hospital: what have we learned?. J Hosp Infect. 2001;47:9–18
  20. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, et al. Comparison of community and health-care associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA. 2003;290:2976–2984
  21. Gonzales BE, Martinez-Aguilar G, Hulten KG, et al. Severe staphylococcal sepsis in adolescents in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatrics. 2005;115:642–648
  22. Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, et al. Necrotizing fascitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1445–1453
  23. Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus carrying gene for Panton–Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotizing pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet. 2002;359:753–759
  24. Monaco M, Antonucci R, Palange P, Venditti M, Pantosti A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1647–1648
  25. Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:131–139
  26. Cunha BA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: clinical manifestations and antimicrobial therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(Suppl 4):33–42
  27. Raineri E, Crema L, de Silvestri A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit: a 10 year analysis. J Hosp Infect. 2007;67:308–315
  28. Sax H, Harbarth S, Gavazzi G, et al. Prevalence and prediction of previously unknown MRSA carriage on admission to a geriatric hospital. Age Ageing. 2005;34:456–462
  29. Tacconelli E, Venkataraman L, De Girolami PC, D'Agata EMC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia diagnosed at hospital admission: distinguishing between community-acquired versus healthcare-associated strains. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:474–479
  30. Liao CH, Chen SY, Chang SC, et al. Characteristics of community-acquired and health care-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients treated at the emergency department of a teaching hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;53:85–92
  31. Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Bayer AS, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics cannot distinguish community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infection: a prospective investigation. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:471–482
  32. Maltezou HC, Giamarellou H. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;27:87–96
  33. Szumowski JD, Cohen DE, Kanaya F, Mayer KH. Treatment and outcomes of infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at an ambulatory clinic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:423–428
  34. Krut O, Sommer H, Kronke M. Antibiotic-induced persistence of cytotoxic Staphylococcus aureus in non-phagocytic cells. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:167–173
  35. Lewis JS, Jorgensen JH. Inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci: should clinicians and microbiologists be concerned?. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:280–285
  36. Cruciani M, Gatti G, Lazzaroni L, et al. Penetration of vancomycin into human lung tissue. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;38:865–869
  37. Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder PA, Schentag J, et al. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:2398–2402
  38. Fowler VG, Sakoulas G, McIntyre LM, et al. Persistent bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is associated with agr dysfunction and low-level in vitro resistance to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1140–1149
  39. Soriano A, Marco F, Martinez JA, et al. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:193–200
  40. Liu C, Chambers HF. Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin: epidemiology, clinical significance, and critical assessment of diagnostic methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:3040–3045
  41. Applebaum PC. The emergence of vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(Suppl. 1):16–23
  42. Calain P, Krause KH, Vaudaux P, et al. Early termination of a prospective, randomized trial comparing teicoplanin and flucloxacillin for treating severe staphylococcal infections. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:187–191
  43. Gilbert DN, Wood CA, Kimbrough RC. Failure of treatment with teicoplanin at 6 milligrams/kilogram/day in patients with Staphylococcus aureus intravascular infection. The Infectious Diseases Consortium of Oregon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:79–87
  44. Falcone M, Giannella M, Raponi G, Mancini C, Venditti M. Teicoplanin use and emergence of Staphylococcus haemolyticus: is there a link?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:96–97
  45. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kipps J, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:1475–1480
  46. Myrianthefs P, Markantoni SL, Vlachos K, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of linezolid in neurosurgical patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:3971–3976
  47. Pistella E, Campanile F, Bongiorno D, et al. Successful treatment of disseminated cerebritis complicating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis unresponsive to vancomycin therapy with linezolid. Scand J infect Dis. 2004;36:222–225
  48. Dumitrescu O, Badiou C, Bes M, et al. Effect of antibiotics, alone and in combination, on Panton–Valentine leukocidin production by a Staphylococcus aureus reference strain. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14:384–388
  49. Shah PM. The need for new therapeutic agents: what is the pipeline?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(Suppl. 3):36–42
  50. Fowler VG, Boucher HW, Corey GR, et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:653–665
  51. Ellis-Grosse EJ, Balinchak T, Dartois N, et al. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline in the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections: results of a 2 double-blind phase 3 comparison studies with vancomycin–aztreonam. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(Suppl. 5):S341–S353

PII: S0953-6205(08)00264-1

doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.08.016

European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 343-347 , July 2009

Article Tools