European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 21, Issue 2 , Pages 79-83 , April 2010

The prothrombotic potential of platelet factor 4

  • Jecko Thachil

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationUniversity of Liverpool, Prescot Road, Liverpool, L7 8XP United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 151 706 4322; fax: +44 151 706 5810.

Received 6 August 2009 ,Revised 27 October 2009 ,Accepted 15 November 2009.

References 

  1. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2007;21:589–607
  2. Warkentin TE, Makris M, Jay RM, Kelton JG. A spontaneous prothrombotic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 2008;121:632–636
  3. Matsuo T, Suzuki S, Matsuo M, Kobayasi H. Preexisting antibodies to platelet factor 4-heparin complexes in patients with acute coronary syndrome who have no history of heparin exposure. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2005;34:18–22
  4. Martin-Toutain I, Piette JC, Diemert MC, Faucher C, Jobic L, Ankri A. High prevalence of antibodies to platelet factor 4 heparin in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies in absence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Lupus. 2007;16:79–83
  5. Arepally GM, Hursting MJ. Platelet factor 4/heparin antibody (IgG/M/A) in healthy subjects: a literature analysis of commercial immunoassay results. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2008;26:55–61
  6. Holt JC, Niewiarowski S. Biochemistry of alpha granule proteins. Semin Hematol. 1985;22:151–163
  7. Lane DA, Ireland H, Wolff S, Ranasinghe E, Dawes J. Detection of enhanced in vivo platelet alpha-granule release in different patient groups: comparison of beta thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and thrombospondin assays. Thromb Haemost. 1984;52:183–187
  8. Eslin DE, Zhang C, Samuels KJ, Rauova L, Zhai L, Niewiarowski S, et al. Transgenic mice studies demonstrate a role for platelet factor 4 in thrombosis: dissociation between anticoagulant and antithrombotic effect of heparin. Blood. 2004;104:3173–3180
  9. Deuel TF, Senior RM, Chang D, Griffin GL, Heinrikson RL, Kaiser ET. Platelet factor 4 is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981;78:4584–4587
  10. Lambert MP, Sachais BS, Kowalska MA. Chemokines and thrombogenicity. Thromb Haemost. 2007;97:722–729
  11. Chesterman CN, McGready JR, Doyle DJ, Morgan FJ. Plasma levels of platelet factor 4 measured by radioimmunoassay. Br J Haematol. 1978;40:489–500
  12. Parratt R, Hunt BJ. Direct activation of factor X by monocytes occurs during cardio-pulmonary bypass. Br J Haematol. 1998;101:40–46
  13. Pouplard C, Iochmann S, Renard B, Herault O, Colombat P, Amiral J, et al. Induction of monocyte tissue factor expression by antibodies to heparin–platelet factor 4 complexes developed in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2001;97:3300–3302
  14. Arepally GM, Mayer IM. Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia stimulate monocytic cells to express tissue factor and secrete interleukin-8. Blood. 2001;98:1252–1254
  15. van Gils JM, Zwaginga JJ, Hordijk PL. Molecular and functional interactions among monocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells and their relevance for cardiovascular diseases. J Leukoc Biol. 2009;85:195–204
  16. Shanberge JN, Quattrociocchi-Longe TM. Influence of platelet factor 4 on the neutralization of heparin by protamine. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1989;556:354–365
  17. Amelot AA, Tagzirt M, Libraire J, Le Bonniec BF. Platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) shields plasma factor V to thrombin and retards activation. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(supp2):abstract number PP-MO-237
  18. Yang L, Rezaie AR. Calcium-binding sites of the thrombin–thrombomodulin–protein C complex: possible implications for the effect of platelet factor 4 on the activation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Thromb Haemost. 2007;97:899–906
  19. Slungaard A, Fernandez JA, Griffin JH, Key NS, Long JR, Piegors DJ, et al. Platelet factor 4 enhances generation of activated protein C in vitro and in vivo. Blood. 2003;102:146–151
  20. Han ZC, Sensébe L, Abgrall JF, Brière J. Platelet factor 4 inhibits human megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. Blood. 1990;75:1234–1239
  21. Hrushesky WJ. Subcutaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med. 1978;138:1489–1491
  22. Wahl TO, Lipschitz DA, Stechschulte DJ. Thrombocytopenia associated with antiheparin antibody. JAMA. 1978;240:2560–2562
  23. Houwerzijl EJ, Blom NR, van der Want JJ, Vellenga E, de Wolf JT. Megakaryocytic dysfunction in myelodysplastic syndromes and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is in part due to different forms of cell death. Leukemia. 2006;20:1937–1942
  24. Lambert MP, Wang Y, Bdeir KH, Nguyen Y, Kowalska MA, Poncz M. Platelet factor 4 regulates megakaryopoiesis through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) on megakaryocytes. Blood. 2009;114:2290–2298
  25. Fausett MB, Vogtlander M, Lee RM, Esplin MS, Branch DW, Rodgers GM, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is rare in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;1:148–152
  26. Hong AP, Cook DJ, Sigouin CS, Warkentin TE. Central venous catheters and upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis complicating immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2003;101:3049–3051
  27. Pitsilos S, Hunt J, Mohler ER, Prabhakar AM, Poncz M, Dawicki J, et al. Platelet factor 4 localization in carotid atherosclerotic plaques: correlation with clinical parameters. Thromb Haemost. 2003;90:1112–1120
  28. Woller G, Brandt E, Mittelstädt J, Rybakowski C, Petersen F. Platelet factor 4/CXCL4-stimulated human monocytes induce apoptosis in endothelial cells by the release of oxygen radicals. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;83:936–945
  29. Harding SA, Din JN, Sarma J, Josephs DH, Fox KA, Newby DE. Promotion of proinflammatory interactions between platelets and monocytes by unfractionated heparin. Heart. 2006;92:1635–1638
  30. Cines DB, Rauova L, Arepally G, Reilly MP, McKenzie SE, Sachais BS, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an autoimmune disorder regulated through dynamic autoantigen assembly/disassembly. J Clin Apher. 2007;22:31–36
  31. Ziporen L, Li ZQ, Park KS, Sabnekar P, Liu WY, Arepally G, et al. Defining an antigenic epitope on platelet factor 4 associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 1998;92:3250–3259
  32. Visentin GP, Moghaddam M, Beery SE, McFarland JG, Aster RH. Heparin is not required for detection of antibodies associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis. J Lab Clin Med. 2001;138:22–31
  33. Prechel MM, McDonald MK, Jeske WJ, Messmore HL, Walenga JM. Activation of platelets by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies in the serotonin release assay is not dependent on the presence of heparin. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:2168–2175
  34. Socher I, Kroll H, Jorks S, Santoso S, Sachs UJ. Heparin-independent activation of platelets by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies: a common occurrence. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:197–200
  35. Bauer TL, Arepally G, Konkle BA, Mestichelli B, Shapiro SS, Cines DB, et al. Prevalence of heparin-associated antibodies without thrombosis in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 1997;95:1242–1246
  36. Ernofsson M, Thelin S, Siegbahn A. Monocyte tissue factor expression, cell activation, and thrombin formation during cardiopulmonary bypass: a clinical study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:576–584
  37. Khan MM, Gikakis N, Miyamoto S, Rao AK, Cooper SL, Edmunds LH, et al. Aprotinin inhibits thrombin formation and monocyte tissue factor in simulated cardio-pulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:473–478

PII: S0953-6205(09)00238-6

doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2009.11.007

European Journal of Internal Medicine
Volume 21, Issue 2 , Pages 79-83 , April 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution