Cirrhosis is the end stage of various diseases of the liver. The leading causes of
liver diseases are hepatitis B and C viral infections (HBV and HCV), alcohol consumption
and cryptogenetic disease [
[1]
]. Thanks to the advent of nucleot(s)ide HBV analogs and direct anti HCV agents, the
long-term survival of patients affected by liver cirrhosis has improved significantly
in recent years [
2
,
3
,
4
]. Nevertheless, even in case of viral suppression or viral clearance, patients with
liver cirrhosis remain at risk for decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
and death. The more advanced the disease before antiviral-therapy, the higher the
risk of complications or death [
[5]
]. This finding prompted studies of the factors associated with a reduced survival
rate in patients with cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease.Abbreviations:
HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), SBP (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis), PPI (proton-pump inhibitor), CRP (C reactive protein), CKD (chronic kidney disease), AKI (acute kidney injury), MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to European Journal of Internal MedicineAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Treatment of patients with cirrhosis.N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 767-777
- Optimal management of hepatitis B virus infection – EASL special conference.J Hepatol. 2015; 63: 1238-1253
- Interferon-free therapies for chronic hepatitis C: toward a hepatitis C virus-free world?.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014; 12: 763-773
- The discovery of sofosbuvir: a revolution for therapy of chronic hepatitis C.Expert Opin Drug Discovery. 2015; 10: 1363-1377
- Enhanced antiviral treatment efficacy and uptake in preventing the rising burden of hepatitis C-related liver disease and costs in Australia.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 29: 1-9
- Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis.Gastroenterology. 2010; 139 ([56.e1-5]): 1246-1256
- Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: distinctive features and clinical relevance.J Hepatol. 2014; 61: 1385-1396
- Bacterial infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a multicentre prospective study.Dig. Liver Dis. 2001; 33: 41-48
- Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid is predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.Gastroenterology. 1986; 91: 1343-1346
- Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for infections in patients affected by HCV-related liver cirrhosis.Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2017; 63: 23-29
- Review article: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis—bacteriology, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors and prevention.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 41: 1116-1131
- Management of infections in cirrhotic patients: report of a consensus conference.Dig Liver Dis. 2014; 46: 204-212
- New prognostic markers in liver cirrhosis.World J. Hepatol. 2015; 7: 1244-1250
- Gut microflora in the pathogenesis of the complications of cirrhosis.Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004; 18: 353-372
- A survey on antibiotic therapy knowledge among physicians of a tertiary care and university hospital.Infez. Med. 2015; 23: 12-17
Article info
Publication history
Published online: September 14, 2017
Accepted:
September 11,
2017
Received in revised form:
September 7,
2017
Received:
September 4,
2017
Identification
Copyright
© 2017 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
