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Autoimmune serology testing in clinical practice: An updated roadmap for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis
The diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is based on a combination of clinical, laboratory and histological findings in patients with unexplained acute or chronic hepatitis [1–3]. The disease is considered rare but recent population-based studies from England and New Zealand have shown that AIH incidence is on the rise [4,5]. As in most autoimmune diseases, AIH is characterized by female predominance while every subject can be affected irrespective of age, gender, and ethnicity [6,7]. Differential diagnosis includes viral, toxic, genetic, and metabolic liver diseases [1–3,6].NAFLD and autoimmune hepatitis: Do not judge a book by its cover
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is defined by the accumulation of fat in > 5% of hepatocytes at the histological level or by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in association with insulin resistance in patients who are not alcohol consumers (< 20–30 g/day or < 21 standard drinks/week for men and < 10–20 g/day or < 14 standard drinks/week for women) [1,2]. This disease, largely unknown few decades ago, affects almost a quarter of adults worldwide ranging from 13.5% in Africa to approximately one third in the Middle East and South America [1–3] and therefore, it is now considered the commonest chronic liver disease.
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