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Angiopoietins, vascular endothelial growth factors and secretory phospholipase A2 in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction
Heart failure (HF) represents a growing public health burden with an estimated prevalence in Europe and United States ranging from 0.4% to 2% [1]. According to the 2021 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, HF has been divided into three distinct phenotypes based on the assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF): HF with reduced EF (HFrEF, with EF ≤ 40%), HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF, 41 ≤ EF ≤ 49%) and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF, EF ≥ 50%) [2,3]. Patients with EF in the 40 - 50% range may benefit from similar therapies to those with HFrEF [4–6].Spirometry: A practical lifespan predictor of global health and chronic respiratory and non-respiratory diseases
We propose that spirometry, a practical and validated marker of respiratory function, is also an overlooked marker of global human health throughout a person’s life span, from infancy to old age, because it not only relates to respiratory diseases, but it also identifies individuals at risk of suffering other prevalent chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Accordingly, we propose that spirometry be performed in infancy, adolescence, early and late adulthood.Understanding the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations on patient health and quality of life
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the third leading cause of mortality in 2016 and was responsible for an estimated 3 million deaths worldwide that year, representing a vast global problem [1]. COPD exacerbations are responsible for the majority of the substantial burden that COPD places on healthcare systems [2,3]. In the USA, the annual cost of COPD management has been shown to increase proportionally with the number of COPD exacerbations, with COPD-related costs, including pharmacy claims for COPD treatments, more than six times higher in patients experiencing frequent (≥2/year) exacerbations ($4361) compared with those who had none ($644) [4].
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