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Angiopoietins, vascular endothelial growth factors and secretory phospholipase A2 in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction
Heart failure (HF) represents a growing public health burden with an estimated prevalence in Europe and United States ranging from 0.4% to 2% [1]. According to the 2021 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, HF has been divided into three distinct phenotypes based on the assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF): HF with reduced EF (HFrEF, with EF ≤ 40%), HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF, 41 ≤ EF ≤ 49%) and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF, EF ≥ 50%) [2,3]. Patients with EF in the 40 - 50% range may benefit from similar therapies to those with HFrEF [4–6].NAFLD and autoimmune hepatitis: Do not judge a book by its cover
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is defined by the accumulation of fat in > 5% of hepatocytes at the histological level or by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in association with insulin resistance in patients who are not alcohol consumers (< 20–30 g/day or < 21 standard drinks/week for men and < 10–20 g/day or < 14 standard drinks/week for women) [1,2]. This disease, largely unknown few decades ago, affects almost a quarter of adults worldwide ranging from 13.5% in Africa to approximately one third in the Middle East and South America [1–3] and therefore, it is now considered the commonest chronic liver disease.Secular trends in the association between obesity and hypertension among adults in the United States, 1999–2014
To examine the secular trends in the association between obesity and hypertension among American adults between 1999 and 2014.
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